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Fiber optic atomic force microscope (FOAFM).

Fresnel formulas. Reflection and refraction of a light beam on the boundary surface between two substances - glass with refractive index n=1.5 and air with refractive index n=1.0

Linearly and elliptically polarized light. Imaging ellipsometry.

Dispersion of light on a glass prism. Refraction index of any material depends upon the wavelength of the light. If the frequency of the light changes, then the angle, at which the light beam refracts in a glass prism, will be changed too.

Fraunhofer diffraction at the one and two slits.

Photothermal excitation of microresonator by modulated optical radiation from a glass fiber. Microresonator beam is coated from one side by a thin layer of metal. Because of different linear expansion coefficients of them any heating of illuminating region will cause a bend of microresonator beam.

The theory of color vision of Young and Helmholtz. The sensation of any color can be achieved by superposition of pure red, green and blue colors.  If these colors are mixed in an equal proportion, we have the sensation of white light.

A Fabry-Perot fiber optic interferometer formed by a partially reflecting end face of the optical fiber and an external movable mirror. When the distance between the fiber and the mirror is smaller than the coherence length, we can observe the interference and the intensity of the light in interferometer beats with the mirror displacements.

The ruby laser. The generation of a laser light is caused by the excitation of atoms in a ruby rod under the action of the flash of a spiral discharge lamp.

Distortion of the image in a positive lens. The direct lines running along the main optical axes of a lens are displayed as straight lines and other lines are curved outward.