The passive
and active vibration isolation systems.
Central and eccentric collisions of the particles.
Ballistic
pendulum. Measuring the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation we can
determine the speed of an incoming ball (bullet).
Coupled oscillators. In the
process of coupled oscillations, energy is transferred between the
individual oscillators. As a result the amplitude of oscillation is
periodically changed.
Free harmonic oscillation. An oscillating pendulum leaves a trace in
the form of a sinusoid. Frequency of oscillation depends on the mass of the
ball and the stiffness of the spring.
Motion
of a body in the presence of a gravitational field. The maximum range of a
missile will be observed when firing at the angle of 45 degrees to the
horizon.
Black
holes orbiting around each other in decaying orbits are merging with absorption
of the gas and dust that surround them.
Cavendish's torsion-bar experiment. The
apparatus employed was a torsion balance, essentially a stretched wire
supporting spherical weights. Attraction between pairs of weights caused the
wire to twist slightly, which thus allowed the first calculation of the
value of the gravitational constant G.
Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth's
circumference. At Aswan the Sun's rays fall vertically at noon at the summer
solstice. Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time,
sunlight fell at an angle of about 7° from the vertical. Given estimates of
the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the
circumference of the Earth.
Experiments
with rolling balls, tubes and cylinders
down on an inclined plane. Galileo rolled brass balls down the inclined
plane, timing their descent with a water clock. He showed that the distance
traveled by a ball is proportional to the square of the time. This
experiment disproved an Aristotle's prediction that the velocity of a
rolling ball is constant.
Foucault's pendulum. The experimental
apparatus consists of a tall pendulum free to oscillate in any vertical
plane. The direction along which the pendulum swings rotates with time
because of Earth's daily rotation. The trace of the pendulum can be learned
with the laboratory rotating table.
Galileo's experiment on falling objects. According to legend, Galileo dropped
from the Leaning Tower in Pisa cannonball and bullet. Measuring the time of
falling of them, Galileo came to the conclusion that in an environment
completely devoid of any resistance, all bodies would fall with equal speed.
Soon it was confirmed by Newton's experiments on falling bodies in a vacuum.
Sundial. This is a device that measures
time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal
sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style (a thin rod) onto a flat
surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. If such a sundial
is to tell the correct time, the style must point towards the geographic
North Pole.