The propagation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave: the vectors of the electric field E and the magnetic field H are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave propagation.

Under the action of a magnetic field H the domains in ferromagnetic materials may rotate or move. Motion of the Bloch Walls causes a hysteresis loop. On the other hand the rotation of the domains leads to magnetostriction.

Rutherford's experiment. Scattering of α-particles by atoms of metal.

Differential section of scattering. Rutherford's formula.

The motion of a charged particle in perpendicular magnetic and electrostatic fields.

Channeling of electrons and positrons in a crystal.

The motion of electrons in the cathode-ray tube of an oscilloscope.

The oil-drop experiment was the first direct and compelling measurement of a single electron charge, performed originally in 1909 by the American physicist Robert A. Millikan.